ENMOD-Konvention Umweltkriegsübereinkommen - Tsunamis seit 1978 verboten

ENMOD-Konvention

Die ENMOD-Konvention, englisch Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (deutsch: Umweltkriegsübereinkommen), ist ein von der Abrüstungskommission der Vereinten Nationen ausgearbeiteter völkerrechtlicher Vertrag über das Verbot der militärischen oder einer sonstigen feindseligen Nutzung umweltverändernder Techniken.

Tsunami 2004
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfSgygFeSho
Die Hälfte der Opfer waren Kinder
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jt-7m4MJA-c


phenomena that could be caused by the use of environmental modification techniques...

- earthquakes
- tsunamis
- an upset in the ecological balance of a region
- changes in weather patterns
- clouds
- precipitation
- cyclones of various types
- tornadic storms
- changes in climate patterns
- changes in ocean currents
- changes in the state of the ozone layer
- changes in the state of the ionosphere

... the list of examples set out above is not exhaustive ...


Die Konvention verbietet den Vertragsparteien gezielte militärische Eingriffe in natürliche Abläufe der Umwelt, aber auch die Nutzung von Einflüssen der natürlichen Umwelt als Waffe in einem Krieg oder bewaffnetem Konflikt. Durch die Konvention wurden internationales Umweltrecht und humanitäres Völkerrecht miteinander verknüpft.

Signed 18 May 1977 in Geneva, Switzerland.
Condition: Effective since 5 October 1978
Ratification by 20 states
Signatories 49, Parties 75

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Convention on the prohibition of military or any hostile use of environmental modification techniques

CHAPTER XXVI
DISARMAMENT

1 . Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques
New York, 10 December 1976

Entry into force: 5 October 1978, in accordance with article IX(3)
Registration : 5 October 1978, No. 17119
Status :
Signatories : 48
Parties : 73

Text : United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. 1108, p. 151 and depositary notification C.N.263.1978.TREATIES-12 of 27 October 1978 (rectification of the English text).
Note : The Convention was approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 31/721 of 10 December 1976. In application of paragraph 2 of the said resolution, the Secretary-General decided to open the Convention for signature and ratification by States from 18 to 31 May 1977 at Geneva, Switzerland. Subsequently, the Convention was transmitted to the Headquarters of the Organization of the United Nations at New York, where it was open for signature by States until 4 October 1978.

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Modification Techniques
Opened for signature at Geneva: 18 May 1977

Entered into force: 5 October 1978

Depositary: Secretary-General of the United Nations

The States Parties to this Convention,

Guided by the interest of consolidating peace, and wishing to contribute to the cause of halting the arms race, and of bringing about general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, and of saving mankind from the danger of using new means of warfare,

Determined to continue negotiations with a view to achieving effective progress towards further measures in the field of disarmament,

Recognizing that scientific and technical advances may open new possibilities with respect to modification of the environment,

Recalling the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972,

Realizing that the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes could improve the interrelationship of man and nature and contribute to the preservation and improvement of the environment for the benefit of present and future generations,

Recognizing, however, that military or any other hostile use of such techniques could have effects extremely harmful to human welfare,

Desiring to prohibit effectively military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to eliminate the dangers to mankind from such use, and affirming their willingness to work towards the achievement of this objective,

Desiring also to contribute to the strengthening of trust among nations and to the further improvement of the international situation in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,

Have agreed as follows:
Article I

1. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to engage in military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.

2. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes not to assist, encourage or induce any State, group of States or international organiza-tion to engage in activities contrary to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article.
Article II

As used in Article I, the term "environmental modification techniques" refers to any technique for changing -- through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space.
Article III

1. The provisions of this Convention shall not hinder the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes and shall be without prejudice to the generally recognized principles and applicable rules of international law concerning such use.

2. The States Parties to this Convention undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of scientific and technological information on the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes. States Parties in a position to do so shall contribute, alone or together with other States or international organizations, to international economic and scientific co-operation in the preservation, improvement, and peaceful utilization of the environment, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.
Article IV

Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to take any measures it considers necessary in accordance with its constitutional processes to prohibit and prevent any activity in violation of the provisions of the Convention anywhere under its jurisdiction or control.
Article V

1. The States Parties to this Convention undertake to consult one another and to cooperate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the objectives of, or in the application of the provisions of, the Convention. Consultation and cooperation pursuant to this article may also be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with its Charter. These international procedures may include the services of appropriate international organizations, as well as of a Consultative Committee of Experts as provided for in paragraph 2 of this article.

2. For the purposes set forth in paragraph 1 of this article, the Depositary shall, within one month of the receipt of a request from any State Party to this Convention, convene a Consultative Committee of Experts. Any State Party may appoint an expert to the Committee whose functions and rules of procedure are set out in the annex, which constitutes an integral part of this Convention. The Committee shall transmit to the Depositary a summary of its findings of fact, incorporating all views and information presented to the Committee during its proceedings. The Depositary shall distribute the summary to all States Parties.

3. Any State Party to this Convention which has reason to believe that any other State Party is acting in breach of obligations deriving from the provisions of the Convention may lodge a complaint with the Security Council of the United Nations. Such a complaint should include all relevant information as well as all possible evidence supporting its validity.

4. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to cooperate in carrying out any investigation which the Security Council may initiate, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, on the basis of the complaint received by the Council. The Security Council shall inform the States Parties of the results of the investigation.

5. Each State Party to this Convention undertakes to provide or support assistance, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, to any State Party which so requests, if the Security Council decides that such Party has been harmed or is likely to be harmed as a result of violation of the Convention.
Article VI

1. Any State Party to this Convention may propose amendments to the Convention. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary who shall promptly circulate it to all States Parties.

2. An amendment shall enter into force for all States Parties to this Convention which have accepted it, upon the deposit with the Depositary of instruments of acceptance by a majority of States Parties. Thereafter it shall enter into force for any remaining State Party on the date of deposit of its instrument of acceptance.
Article VII

This Convention shall be of unlimited duration.
Article VIII

1. Five years after the entry into force of this Convention, a conference of the States Parties to the Convention shall be convened by the Depositary at Geneva, Switzerland. The conference shall review the operation of the Convention with a view to ensuring that its purposes and provisions are being realized, and shall in particular examine the effectiveness of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article I in eliminating the dangers of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques.

2. At intervals of not less than five years thereafter, a majority of the States Parties to the Convention may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary, the convening of a conference with the same objectives.

3. If no conference has been convened pursuant to paragraph 2 of this article within ten years following the conclusion of a previous conference, the Depositary shall solicit the views of all States Parties to the Convention, concerning the convening of such a conference. If one third or ten of the States Parties, whichever number is less, respond affirmatively, the Depositary shall take immediate steps to convene the conference.
Article IX

1. This Convention shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Convention before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

3. This Convention shall enter into force upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by twenty Governments in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article.

4. For those States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited after the entry into force of this Convention, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.

5. The Depositary shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession and the date of the entry into force of this Convention and of any amendments thereto, as well as of the receipt of other notices.

6. This Convention shall be registered by the Depositary in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Article X

This Convention, of which the English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by their respective governments, have signed this Convention, opened for signature at Geneva on the eighteenth day of May, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven.

ANNEX TO THE CONVENTION

Consultative Committee of Experts

1. The Consultative Committee of Experts shall undertake to make appropriate findings of fact and provide expert views relevant to any problem raised pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article V of this Convention by the State Party requesting the convening of the Committee.

2. The work of the Consultative Committee of Experts shall be organized in such a way as to permit it to perform the functions set forth in paragraph 1 of this annex. The Committee shall decide procedural questions relative to the organization of its work, where possible by consensus, but otherwise by a majority of those present and voting. There shall be no voting on matters of substance.

3. The Depositary or his representative shall serve as the Chairman of the Committee.

4. Each expert may be assisted at meetings by one or more advisers.

5. Each expert shall have the right, through the Chairman, to request from States, and from international organizations, such information and assistance as the expert considers desirable for the accomplishment of the Committees work.

Documents pertaining to the Convention

The following understandings regardint the Convention weeere included in the report transmitted by the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to the General Assembly at its thirty-first session.
Understanding relating to Article I

It is the understanding of the Committee that, for the purposes of this Convention, the terms, "widespread", "long-lasting" and "severe" shall be interpreted as follows:

(a) "widespread": encompassing an area on the scale of several hundred square kilometres;

(b) "long-lasting": lasting for a period of months, or approximately a season;

(c) "severe": involving serious or significant disruption or harm to human life, natural and economic resources or other assets.

It is further understood that the interpretation set forth above is intended exclusively for this Convention and is not intended to prejudice the interpretation of the same or similar terms if used in connexion with any other international agreement.

Understanding relating to Article II

It is the understanding of the Committee that the following examples are illustrative of phenomena that could be caused by the use of environmental modification techniques as defined in Article II of the Convention: earthquakes, tsunamis; an upset in the ecological balance of a region; changes in weather patterns (clouds, precipitation, cyclones of various types and tornadic storms); changes in climate patterns; changes in ocean currents; changes in the state of the ozone layer; and changes in the state of the ionosphere.

It is further understood that all the phenomena listed above, when produced by military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques, would result, or could reasonably be expected to result, in widespread, long-lasting or severe destruction, damage or injury. Thus, military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques as defined in Article II, so as to cause those phenomena as a means of destruction, damage or injury to another State Party, would be prohibited.

It is recognized, moreover, that the list of examples set out above is not exhaustive. Other phenomena which could result from the use of environmental modification techniques as defined in Article II could also be appropriately included. The absence of such phenomena from the list does not in any way imply that the undertaking contained in Article I would not be applicable to those phenomena, provided the criteria set out in that article were met.
Understanding relating to Article III

It is the understanding of the Committee that this Convention does not deal with the question whether or not a given use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes is in accordance with generally recognized principles and applicable rules of international law.
Understanding relating to Article VIII

It is the understanding of the Committee that a proposal to amend the Convention may also be considered at any conference of Parties held pursuant to Article VIII. It is further understood that any proposed amendment that is intended for such consideration should, if possible, be submitted to the Depositary no less than 90 days before the commencement of the conference.

URL:http://disarmament.un.org/treatystatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/42d4029f2edc8bfd852568770079dd99
Accessed: 2009-11-23 Archived http://www.webcitation.org/5lVLmj9Bf

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Participant
Signature
Ratification, Accession(a), Succession(d)
Afghanistan
22 Oct 1985 a
Algeria
19 Dec 1991 a
Antigua and Barbuda
25 Oct 1988 d
Argentina
20 Mar 1987 a
Armenia
15 May 2002 a
Australia
31 May 1978
7 Sep 1984
Austria
17 Jan 1990 a
Bangladesh
3 Oct 1979 a
Belarus
18 May 1977
7 Jun 1978
Belgium
18 May 1977
12 Jul 1982
Benin
10 Jun 1977
30 Jun 1986
Bolivia
18 May 1977

Brazil
9 Nov 1977
12 Oct 1984
Bulgaria
18 May 1977
31 May 1978
Canada
18 May 1977
11 Jun 1981
Cape Verde
3 Oct 1979 a
Chile
26 Apr 1994 a
China 2
8 Jun 2005 a
Costa Rica
7 Feb 1996 a
Cuba
23 Sep 1977
10 Apr 1978
Cyprus
7 Oct 1977
12 Apr 1978
Czech Republic 3
22 Feb 1993 d
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
8 Nov 1984 a
Democratic Republic of the Congo
28 Feb 1978

Denmark
18 May 1977
19 Apr 1978
Dominica
9 Nov 1992 d
Egypt
1 Apr 1982 a
Ethiopia
18 May 1977

Finland
18 May 1977
12 May 1978
Germany 4, 5
18 May 1977
24 May 1983
Ghana
21 Mar 1978
22 Jun 1978
Greece
23 Aug 1983 a
Guatemala
21 Mar 1988 a
Holy See
27 May 1977

Hungary
18 May 1977
19 Apr 1978
Iceland
18 May 1977

India
15 Dec 1977
15 Dec 1978
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
18 May 1977

Iraq
15 Aug 1977

Ireland
18 May 1977
16 Dec 1982
Italy
18 May 1977
27 Nov 1981
Japan
9 Jun 1982 a
Kazakhstan
25 Apr 2005 a
Kuwait
2 Jan 1980 a
Lao People's Democratic Republic
13 Apr 1978
5 Oct 1978
Lebanon
18 May 1977

Liberia
18 May 1977

Lithuania
16 Apr 2002 a
Luxembourg
18 May 1977

Malawi
5 Oct 1978 a
Mauritius
9 Dec 1992 a
Mongolia
18 May 1977
19 May 1978
Morocco
18 May 1977

Netherlands 6
18 May 1977
15 Apr 1983
New Zealand 7
7 Sep 1984 a
Nicaragua
11 Aug 1977
6 Sep 2007
Niger
17 Feb 1993 a
Norway
18 May 1977
15 Feb 1979
Pakistan
27 Feb 1986 a
Panama
13 May 2003 a
Papua New Guinea
28 Oct 1980 a
Poland
18 May 1977
8 Jun 1978
Portugal
18 May 1977

Republic of Korea
2 Dec 1986 a
Romania
18 May 1977
6 May 1983
Russian Federation
18 May 1977
30 May 1978
Sao Tome and Principe
5 Oct 1979 a
Sierra Leone
12 Apr 1978

Slovakia 3
28 May 1993 d
Slovenia
20 Apr 2005 a
Solomon Islands
19 Jun 1981 d
Spain
18 May 1977
19 Jul 1978
Sri Lanka
8 Jun 1977
25 Apr 1978
St. Lucia
27 May 1993 d
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
27 Apr 1999 d
Sweden
27 Apr 1984 a
Switzerland
5 Aug 1988 a
Syrian Arab Republic
4 Aug 1977

Tajikistan
12 Oct 1999 a
Tunisia
11 May 1978
11 May 1978
Turkey
18 May 1977

Uganda
18 May 1977

Ukraine
18 May 1977
13 Jun 1978
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
18 May 1977
16 May 1978
United States of America
18 May 1977
17 Jan 1980
Uruguay
16 Sep 1993 a
Uzbekistan
26 May 1993 a
Viet Nam
26 Aug 1980 a
Yemen 8
18 May 1977
20 Jul 1977
Close Declaration
Declarations and Reservations
(Unless otherwise indicated, the declarations and reservations were made
upon ratification, accession or succession.)
Argentina 9

Argentina9
The Argentine Republic interprets the terms "widespread, long-lasting or severe effects" in article I, paragraph 1, of the Convention in accordance with the definitions agreed upon in the understanding on that article. It likewise interprets articles II, III and VIII in accordance with the relevant understandings.

Austria

Austria

Reservation:
"Considering the obligations resulting from its status as a permanently neutral state, the Republic of Austria declares a reservation to the effect that its co-operation within the frame work of this Convention cannot exceed the limits determined by the Status of permanent neutrality and membership with the United Nations."

Germany 5

Germany5

Upon signature:
"With the proviso that the correct designation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Russian language is `Federativnuju Respubliku Germaniju'."

16 June 1977

"The correct designation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Russian language following the preposition `sa' in the Russian text was spelled out in the afore-mentioned proviso as `Federativnuju Respubliku Germaniju'."

Guatemala

Guatemala

Reservation:
Guatemala accepts the text of article III, on condition that the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes does not adversely affect its territory or the use of its natural resources.

Kuwait 10

Kuwait10

Reservation:
This Convention binds the State of Kuwait only towards States Parties thereto. Its obligatory character shall ipso facto terminate with respect to any hostile state which does not abide by the prohibition contained therein.

Understanding:
"It is understood that accession to the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other hostile use of Environmental Modification Techniques, done in Geneva, 1977, does not mean in any way recognition of Israel by the State of Kuwait. Furthermore, no treaty relation will arise between the State of Kuwait and Israel."

Netherlands

Netherlands

Declaration:
"The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the obligations laid down in article 1 of the said Convention as extending to states which are not a party to the Convention and which act in conformity with article 1 of the Convention."

New Zealand

New Zealand
"The Government of New Zealand hereby declares its interpretation that nothing in the Convention detracts from or limits the obligations of States to refrain from military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques which are contrary to international law".

Republic of Korea

Republic of Korea
"It is the understanding of the Government of the Republic of Korea that any technique for deliberately changing the natural state of rivers falls within the meaning of the term 'environmental modification techniques' as defined in article II of the Convention.
"It is further understood that military or any other hostile use of such techniques, which could cause flooding, inundation, reduction in the water-level, drying up, destruction of hydrotechnical installations or other harmful consequences, comes within the scope of the Convention, provided it meets the criteria set out in article I therefore."

Switzerland

Switzerland
Because of the obligation incumbent upon it by virtue of its status of perpetual neutrality, Switzerland must make a general reservation specifying that its co-operation in the framework of this Convention cannot go beyond the limits imposed by this status. This reservation refers, in particular, to article V, paragraph 5, of the Convention, and to any similar clause which may replace or supplement this provision in the Convention (or in any other arrangement).

Turkey

Turkey

Upon signature:

Interpretative statement:
"In the opinion of the Turkish Government the terms ‘wide- spread’, ‘long lasting’ and ‘severe effects’ contained in the Con- vention need to be clearly defined. So long as this clarification is not made the Government of Turkey will be compelled to in- terpret itself the terms in question and consequently it reserves the right to do so as and when required.
"Furthermore, the Government of Turkey believes that the difference between `military or any other hostile purposes' and `peaceful purposes' should be more clearly defined so as to pre- vent subjective evaluations."

Territorial Application
Participant
Date of receipt of the notification
Territories
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 11 16 May 1978 United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in the Island of Cyprus, Association of Caribbean States, Brunei, Solomon Islands and United Kingdom Territories
End Note
1. Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-first Session, Supplement No. 39 (A/31/39), p. 36.
2.With the following declaration with respect of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region:

In accordance with the provisions of Article 153 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and Article 138 of the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the People's Republic of China decides that the Convention shall apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.

3.Czechoslovakia had signed and ratified the Convention on 18 May 1977 and 12 May 1978, respectively. See also note 1 under “Czech Republic” and note 1 under “Slovakia” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.
4.See note 1 under “Germany” regarding Berlin (West) in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.
5.The German Democratic Republic had signed and ratified the Convention on 18 May 1977 and 25 May 1978, respectively. See also note 2 under “Germany” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.
6.For the Kingdom in Europe and the Netherlands Antilles. See also note 1 under “Netherlands” regarding Aruba/Netherlands Antilles in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.
7.The accession shall also apply to the Cook Islands and Niue.
8.Democratic Yemen had acceded to the Convention on 12 June 1979. See also note 1 under “Yemen” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.
9.The Government of Argentina has specified that the understandings referred to in the declaration are the Understandings adopted as part of the report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to the General Assembly at its thirty-first session, published under the symbol A/31/27. [Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to the General Assembly (Volume I, Annex I).]
10.On 23 June 1980, the Secretary-General received from the Government of Israel the following communication concerning the above-mentioned understanding:

"The Government of Israel has noted the political character of the statement made by the Government of Kuwait. In the view of the Government of Israel, this Convention is not the proper place for making such political pronouncements. Moreover, the said declaration cannot in any way affect whatever obligations are binding upon Kuwait, under general international law or under particular conventions. Insofar as concerns the substance of the matter, the Government of Israel will adopt towards the Government of Kuwait an attitude of complete reciprocity."

11.See note 2 under “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” regarding Hong Kong in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENMOD-Konvention

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Is Seismic Weaponry Available?
http://dirkadirka.redgriffins.org/category/seismic-weaponry/

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List of ENMOD Parties

The list of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement prohibiting military use of environmental modification techniques.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Environmental_Modifi...

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ENMOD Österreich

Mit Stand vom September 2007 sind 73 Staaten Vertragspartei der ENMOD-Konvention, darunter Großbritannien und Russland seit 1978, die Vereinigten Staaten seit 1980 sowie China seit 2005. Von den fünf ständigen Mitgliedern des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen ist damit nur Frankreich bisher nicht dem Abkommen beigetreten. Deutschland wurde am 24. Mai 1983 Vertragspartei, die Schweiz am 5. August 1988 und Österreich am 17. Januar 1990. Depositar der ENMOD-Konvention sind die Vereinten Nationen.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENMOD-Konvention

Convention on the prohibition of military or any hostile use of environmental modification techniques, 10 December 1976.
Austria
Ratification / Accession 17.01.1990.
Reservation / Declaration 17.01.1990.

Reservation / Declaration text

"Considering the obligations resulting from its status as a permanently neutral state, the Republic of Austria declares a reservation to the effects that its co-operation within the framework of this Convention cannot exceed the limits determined by the Status of permanent neutrality and membership with the United Nations".


SOURCE: Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General, Status as at 31 December 1994, United Nations, New York, p. 908.

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Alois Mock war von 1987 bis 1995 Bundesminister für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten (Außenminister)

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